Dip-Formed Synthetic Polyisoprene Latex Articles with Improved Intraparticle and Interparticle Crosslinks

ABSTRACT

A synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion has pre-vulcanization composition and post vulcanization composition. The pre-vulcanization composition comprises soluble sulfur with high S 8  ring structure that is catalytically broken by a zinc dithiocarbamate. Surfactants present in the pre-vulcanization composition wets synthetic polyisoprene particles and permeates small sized sulfur and accelerator molecules into the interior of these particles thereby pre-vulcanizing the particles. The degree of pre-vulcanization is verified by isopropanol index test. The latex emulsion has post-vulcanization composition with accelerators that crosslink inter-particle region during post vulcanization cure cycle. The dipped synthetic polyisoprene article is substantially uniformly cured both in the inter-particle and intra-particle regions and reliably exhibits high cross link density, uniform distribution of double bonds in TEM and zinc segregation at the boundaries or original particles by electron microprobe analysis. The films exhibit high tensile strength, tensile modulus, tear strength, burst pressure and burst volume.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 (e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/049,637, filed May 1, 2008, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to producing synthetic polyisoprene articles and method therefor with improved inter particle and intra particle bond using controlled pre-vulcanized particles of synthetic latex that is dip formed into a thin latex article from an aqueous latex emulsion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Condoms and gloves are typically made from vulcanized natural rubber. Natural rubber is produced in latex form by the Hevea brasiliensis tree and has unique characteristics. These characteristics make natural rubber particularly useful for the preparation of barrier protection products. Among the unique characteristics of natural rubber is its high level of stereo-regularity, meaning that the polymer of which it is comprised is a chain consisting almost exclusively of cis-1,4 isoprene units. Natural rubber latex is also a highly branched polymer with a high molecular weight and a wide molecular weight distribution. These characteristics of the base latex result in vulcanized rubber film products having a unique combination of strength and elasticity. However, natural polyisoprene also contains proteins that have been shown to produce dermal allergic reaction in some susceptible individuals.

Synthetic polyisoprene has been developed to provide a material with the benefits of natural rubber and to eliminate the potential for protein allergy. However, development of a true replacement for natural rubber has proved to be difficult, with synthetic variants such as that produced by Kraton Inc. by anionic addition polymerization typically has a lower level of stereo-regularity (i.e., less than 90% cis 1,4 isoprene) and reduced molecular weight characteristics. This molecular character, in turn, has resulted in synthetic polyisoprene films having an inferior balance of properties compared to those of vulcanized natural rubber films. Consequently, the addition of a cross-linking agent tends to produce more inter-particle cross-links and less intra-particle cross-links during post-vulcanization, resulting in nonhomogeneous cure properties leading to latex film articles having poor strength and elongation properties, such as voids and cracks due to the formation of fractures in the inter-particle regions. In addition, synthetic polyisoprene latex flocks more easily, which result in defects in dipped films, and the latex dip tank has a very limited lifetime that is available for dipping articles. It is, therefore, imperative that synthetic polyisoprene films are cross-linked better to mimic the branched polymeric structure of a natural rubber, thereby providing improved properties.

In dip molding processes, the majority of work with synthetic or natural polyisoprene has been focused on the development of polyisoprene gloves, using a coagulation dip process. In this type of process, a glove-shaped mold is first dipped into a coagulant solution that is known to destabilize the latex formulation. The resulting coagulant layer is then dried, before the mold is dipped into a bath of a compounded latex formulation to form a coagulated wet latex gel. This coagulated wet latex gel is typically leached in water to remove residual surfactant before being dried at a relatively high temperature to complete the cross-linking of the rubber film. The use of a coagulant layer is undesirable in the manufacture of condoms because it impedes the ability to produce a thin latex layer and therefore condoms are dipped over a coagulant free former.

The use of vulcanizing or sulfur cross-linking agents in the manufacture of rubber articles is well-known. The effectiveness of sulfur crosslinking agents is improved by conventional accelerators including dithiocarbamates, thiazoles, guanidines, thioureas, amines, disulfides, thiurams, xanthates and sulfonamides. The use of vulcanizing agents in the manufacture of polyisoprene rubber is disclosed in D'Sidocky et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,552, and Rauchfuss et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,469.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,746 to Hirai et al. discloses synthetic polyisoprene rubber latex produced by emulsifying a solution of polyisoprene rubber in an organic solvent including 4-20 wt % of benzene, toluene or xylene with water. After dipping, the solvent is removed by evaporation from the resulting oil-in-water emulsion.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,609 to Stevenson discloses vulcanizable rubber compositions containing less than 0.4 parts by weight of nitrosatable materials per 100 parts by weight rubber of xanthogen polysulfide and xanthate compounds. This rubber composition contains a dihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulphide and a xanthate selected from metal hydrocarbylxanthates and dihydrocarbylxanthates. While commercial aqueous latex compositions are discussed in Examples 9A-E, the aqueous latex compositions do not comprise synthetic polyisoprene. Furthermore, the aqueous latex emulsion 9E contains sulfur, zinc oxide and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, is stable for only four days, and is capable of producing a product having a tensile strength at fracture of only 22.4 MPa, and an elongation of 830%.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,635 to Stevenson discloses a rubber composition containing dibenzylthiuram sulfide. A dibenzylthiuram sulfide, such as tetrabenzylthiuram disulphide, is combined with a dihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulphide and/or a xanthate to provide a composition, which cross-links natural rubber at 120-180° C. without providing harmful nitrosatables. This natural latex composition, however, is sulfur-free and does not cross-link intra particle regions of a synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene having low levels of stereo-regularity. Therefore, the use of this cross-linking agent package for synthetic polyisoprene latex will result in a non-uniform article with inferior properties.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,447 to Munn et al. discloses the preparation of hypo-allergenic rubber products, which shrink from a second shape and size to their original shape and size on application of heat. The examples include a polyisoprene condom, which will shrink to fit the individual user during use. The curing package used to make this condom consists of agents such as peroxides and/or sulfur.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,326 to Crepeau et al. discloses stable emulsions, methods of preparation, and applications, such as in the formation of elastomeric films. The stable emulsions for preparing an elastomeric film comprise (1) a phase A containing an elastomer dissolved in an organic apolar or slightly polar solvent, in which is dispersed (2) a phase B containing a polymer in solution or dispersed in a polar solvent, which is immiscible with phase A, and (3) a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting of block and grafted polymers. Droplets of phase B having a diameter of 10μ form in phase A. Crepeau et al. does not teach or suggest methods of stabilizing a synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion against ‘flock’ formation.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,861 to Saks, et al. discloses medical gloves with watch viewing capabilities. This patent discloses a polyisoprene latex compound that includes an accelerator system of 2.0 parts per hundred (“phr”) tetramethylthiuram disulfide (“TMTD”), 0.2 phr zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (“ZMBT”), 0.2 phr zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (“ZDBC”), 0.2 phr 1,3-diphenyl-2-thiourea and 0.2 phr zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (“ZDEC”). However, after curing, this accelerator system provides a product having a tensile strength only of about 1,900 psi.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,380 and 7,048,977 to Dzikowicz disclose latex film compound with improved tear resistance. The method of enhances the tear resistance, tensile strength, and the aging properties of a latex product by adding an antioxidant synergist with an antioxidant to a latex compound. The latex compound comprises a polymer, a stabilizing system, a film surface conditioner and a curing system that comprises an activator, crosslinker and accelerator. Antioxidant synergists include 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), 2-mercaptotoluimidazole (MTI), zinc 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (ZMBI) and zinc 2-mercaptotoluimidazole (ZMTI). The latex products formed may be gloves but can also include threads, balloons and other latex-related products. The latex used is not synthetic polyisoprene and the addition of anti-oxidants does not pre-vulcanize the synthetic polyisoprene latex.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,387 to Wang et al. discloses polyisoprene articles and a process for making the same. This process produces synthetic polyisoprene articles exhibiting tensile strength properties similar to those of solvent-based processes using natural rubber latex. The process combines a synthetic latex with sulfur, zinc oxide and an accelerator composition comprising a dithiocarbamate, a thiazole, and a guanidine compound, all three of which need to be present, at the pre-cure stage. In a preferred embodiment, the accelerator composition comprises zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC), zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT), and diphenyl guanidine (DPG), in conjunction with a stabilizer, which is primarily milk protein salt, such as sodium caseinate. Polyisoprene latex (typically 60% solids) and the stabilizer (e.g., sodium caseinate) are combined at ambient temperature (about 20-25° C.). After mixing for a period of time, the mixture is then diluted to 40% solids in water. Wingstay L is then added, and the mixture is stirred for approximately 15 min. At this point, the pH can be adjusted to a range of about 8.5 to 9.0. Zinc oxide is added, followed by the sulfur and accelerator compounds. The elastomeric polyisoprene product made by the process is a surgeon's glove dipped over a coagulant-coated former. The aqueous latex emulsion is stable with a maximum stability of eight days. The tensile strength of the surgical glove product obtained is approximately 3,000 psi (20.6 MPa) (according to ASTM D412). The accelerators are added to the latex emulsion, but maintained at a low temperature for up to eight days. The dithiocarbamate, a thiazole and a guanidine accelerators must be present in the latex together. The latex stabilizer is sodium casinate. The stability of this aqueous latex composition is better than that of Stevenson (U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,609). The glove formers are dipped in a coagulant solution containing calcium nitrate that is unsuited for coagulant-free dipping of synthetic polyisoprene latex condom.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,746 to Dzikowicz discloses accelerator system for synthetic polyisoprene latex. The accelerator system comprises dithiocabamate and thiourea and can produce synthetic polyisoprene films having a tensile strength of about 3,000 psi to about 5,000 psi at low curing temperatures. The accelerator system does not contain tetramethyithiuram disulfide or diphenylguanidine or sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate (SDBC), or diisopropyl xanthogen polysulphide (DXP) but contains thiourea. The accelerators are not indicated to pre-vulcanize the synthetic polyisoprene particles and the latex article produced has a very low modulus of 1.5 MPa at 300% elongation and a tensile strength of 20.6 to 34.4 MPa.

UK patent application GB 2,436,566 to Attrill et al. discloses minimizing pre-vulcanization of polyisoprene latex. This process for making a polyisoprene latex comprises compounding a synthetic polyisoprene latex with compounding ingredients and maturing the latex at a low temperature so as to minimize pre-vulcanization. Dipping of condoms is also conducted at low temperatures typically 15° C. to less than 20° C. The absence of pre-vulcanization is verified be assuring the strength of a ring made has a prevulcanisate relaxed modulus has a value less than 0.1 MPa indicative of the absence of pre-vulcanization. The latex emulsion may contain accelerator such as dithiocarbamate. The '566 patent application teaches away from pre-vulcanization prior to dipping of latex articles.

There is a need, therefore, for a stable synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion composition that does not agglomerate or flock, providing usable emulsion lifetimes. The composition should achieve substantial intra-particle and inter-particle crosslinking in the final product. Such a composition would enable the dip-forming of articles in the absence of a coagulant, such that articles having thinner, continuous, and defect-free layers with enhanced strength and improved stretchability could be obtained. Such articles would not deteriorate and would maintain their physical integrity over time. It is an object of the present invention to provide such a composition, as well as a method of preparing and using such a composition to dip-form articles, and the articles so produced. These and other objects and advantages, as well as additional inventive features, will become apparent from the detailed description provided herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a latex article that is formed by dipping a condom shaped former in a pre-vulcanized synthetic latex emulsion without use of any coagulants and curing the condom thus produced. Synthetic polyisoprene latex is available from Kraton, which is produced by anionic polymerization with a high cis-1,4 content. The synthetic latex particles in the latex emulsion are pre-vulcanized by the incorporation of sulfur within the interstices of latex particles. This incorporation of sulfur within the synthetic latex particles is accomplished by 1) using a sulfur emulsion that has a high content of soluble sulfur with S₈ ring structure; 2) said ring structure being disrupted or broken by catalytic activity of zinc dithiocarbamate resulting in linear sulfur chains in the latex emulsion adapted for easy migration into the particles of synthetic polyisoprene in the latex emulsion; 3) using a potassium caprylate surfactant and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant to wet the particles of synthetic polyisoprene in the latex emulsion there by chains of sulfur along with sulfur captured zinc dithiocarbamate is available for permeation into said particles; 4) allowing sufficient time at selected process temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C. to progressively permeate sulfur into said synthetic polyisoprene particles; 5) validating sulfur permeation and pre-vulcanization by isopropanol index test wherein the synthetic polyisoprene particles are no longer very tacky but exhibits lesser degree of tackiness with an isopropanol index of 3. Zinc dithiocabamate is a zinc complex of dithiocarbamate and includes zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinch diethyl dithiocarbamate, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate. In addition, the synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion has other crosslinking agents such as sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate (SDBC), tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, xanthogen sulfide for curing the inter-particle regions during the vulcanization or cure cycle. Insoluble sulfur such as amorphous sulfur or polysulfur present in the sulfur added to the latex emulsion becomes soluble at post-vulcanization cure temperature and reacts with zinc dithiocarbamate accelerator curing inter-particle regions. During post vulcanization cure, pre-vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene particles with the permeated sulfur also cure completely in the intra-particle regions. Therefore using this methodology of using a pre-vulcanization accelerator package and post vulcanization accelerator package a substantially uniform cured synthetic latex condom film is produced.

The product thus produced has several distinguishing features that have imprints of this pre-vulcanization and post-vulcanization methodology. Since the synthetic polyisoprene thin film of latex is cured with improved crosslink density, the molecular weight between crosslinks exhibits a lower value. Since zinc complex of dithiocarbamate catalytically breaks the S₈ ring of sulfur and as a catalyst, it is available for subsequent use and does not readily penetrate the synthetic polyisoprene due to its large molecular size. The molecular size of zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate is a larger than that of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate which has a molecular size greater than that of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate. Zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate and zinc diphenyldithiocarbamate are even larger molecules and will resist permeation into the synthetic polyisoprene latex particles. Thus the preferred zinc complex of dithiocarbamate for pre-vulcanization of synthetic latex particles in the latex emulsion is zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC) or zinc diethydithiocarbamate (ZDEC). There is an accumulation of zinc containing compound surrounds each of the original synthetic polyisoprene particles, and this microstructural feature can be readily observed by microprobe elemental analysis using an electron microscope. The synthetic polyisoprene films produced typically have high tensile strength, high tensile modulus and elongation at fracture with the fracture front passing through both the inter particle and intra particle regions indicating that the intra particle regions and inter particle regions are substantially of equal strength within the synthetic latex films produced.

The method for producing synthetic polyisoprene products comprises use of a synthetic latex emulsion that includes a pre-vulcanization composition and post-vulcanization composition along with conventional latex emulsion additives comprising stabilizers, pH control agents, antioxidants, preservatives etc. Preferably, the synthetic polyisoprene particles are cis-1,4-polyisoprene, have a diameter in the range of about 0.2 to 2 micrometers, and are maintained in an aqueous medium of the latex emulsion. Kraton® ‘IR-KP401A’ latex is supplied by Kraton Polymers Group, 15710 John F. Kennedy Blvd., Suite 300, Houston, Tex. 77032 and has these properties. The pre-vulcanization composition has sulfur with high soluble sulfur content, typically of the S₈ ring structure, zinc dithiocarbamate accelerator that can break or disrupt the S₈ sulfur ring structure, a combination of surfactants including potassium caprylate also known as potassium salt of octanic acid and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). Reference to “high soluble sulfur content” means having enough soluble sulfur present to form sufficient to permeate into latex particles in the aqueous latex emulsion and crosslink during curing to achieve commercially acceptable articles such as condoms and/or gloves. The pre-vulcanization of the synthetic latex particles in the latex emulsion occurs over a period of time between 9 hours to 2 days depending on the temperature of the latex emulsion which is generally in the range of 20° C. to 30° C. The degree of pre-vulcanization of the synthetic latex particles is monitored by an isopropanol index test and the latex particles progress from a very tacky feel (index ˜1.0) to a lesser degree of tacky feel (index 3) as pre-vulcanizing sulfur is incorporated within the particle. The post-vulcanization composition includes amorphous or polysulfur, which is insoluble at latex emulsion temperature but is soluble at vulcanization or cure temperature. Other accelerators in the synthetic aqueous latex emulsion includes, but are not limited to zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC), to zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (SDEC), sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate (SDBC), a thiuram compound and diisopropyl xanthogen polysulphide (DXP). Zinc oxide may also be added as an activator.

A typical synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion composition is provided in terms of 100 parts by weight of dry rubber (phr). The pre-vulcanizing composition includes sulfur in the range of 0.6 to 1.8 wt %; Accelerator package includes ZDEC and/or ZDBC accelerator SDBC accelerator, DXP accelerator together with reactive zinc oxide activator is used with a total accelerator content in the range of 0.6wt % to 2.5%. The surfactant package includes potassium caprylate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate and polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether with surfactants in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 wt %; Winsgtay L or butylated reaction product of p-cresol & dicyclopentadiene anti-oxidant preservative is in the range of 0.3 to 1 wt %; ammonium hydroxide is in the range of 0 to 0.36 wt %. As indicated earlier, the pre-vulcanization composition of the synthetic polyisoprene latex composition includes soluble sulfur, ZDEC and/or ZDBC accelerator, potassium caprylate surfactant and SDBS surfactant and polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether surfactant. The post-vulcanization composition includes sulfur especially that which is insoluble, SDBC accelerator, DXP accelerator, ZDEC and/or ZDBC. The pre-vulcanization composition provides the availability of sulfur to synthetic polyisoprene latex particles in the aqueous synthetic polyisoprene emulsion pre-vulcanizing the intra-particle regions and the entire particle of synthetic polyisoprene is crosslinked during vulcanization cure cycle. The post-vulcanization composition provides the ability to crosslink regions between the particles of synthetic polyisoprene or inter-particle regions thereby assuring a high quality substantially uniformly cured synthetic polyisoprene product.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a transmission electron micrograph of the middle portion of a pre-vulcanized and post-vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene latex film prepared in accordance with the present invention, wherein 10 shows uniformly distributed, cross-linked networks of polyisoprene particles, 11 shows an inter-particle region, which also evidences uniformly distributed cross-linking, and 13 shows remnants of polystyrene, which is used to swell the film in preparation for the micrograph.

FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a cross section of a synthetic polyisoprene condom that was frozen in liquid nitrogen and cleaved. The sample was coated with a thin film of iridium to prevent charging of the insulating latex rubber condom by electron beam. Due to the low temperature of liquid nitrogen, the synthetic polyisoprene condom material behaved as a brittle solid showing conchoidal or shell-like fracture surfaces along X1-X1 and X2-X2. There were no grains visible in this fracture surface, indicating that the fracture strength at the intra grain region and inter grain region was very nearly the same and the therefore the fracture surface was nearly isotropic everywhere. A dimensional marker shows a line, which is calibrated to be 20 microns in length.

FIG. 3 is an x-ray map of chemical elements present in the sample shown in FIG. 2. It shows one or more x-ray peaks for Zn, S and Ir in addition to carbon.

FIG. 4A is a set of three photographic images. A first image provides a scanning electron micrograph of the cross-section show in FIG. 2 at a selected location near the upper marking of X1. An image of a zinc x-ray map in the same area and an image of a sulfur x-ray map are also shown. It is recognized that generally, upon creation, x-ray maps of zinc and sulfur are usually a black background photograph with zinc or sulfur x-ray beams emitted from the sample providing a series of white dots. The zinc map and sulfur map images of FIG. 4A, however, were inverted in contrast for clarity. A selected region marked P1 is shown in all three images. As seen in the zinc x-ray map, the region P1 encompasses a series of zinc black dots that define a region, with no zinc black dots within the region. The corresponding sulfur x-ray map shows plurality of sulfur black dots. From this image, it is concluded that this was a single grain of polyisoprene particle in the polyisorene latex emulsion. It is also concluded that during the pre-vulcanization stage, the sulfur molecule was catalyzed by the ZDBC allowing sulfur to enter the polyisoprene particle, as seen in the sulfur x-ray map. The zinc, on the other hand, was left behind due to the large molecular size of ZDBC decorating the exterior of the polyisoprene particle, as seen in the zinc x-ray map. FIG. 4B shows the x-ray maps of zinc and sulfur in the region P1 that have been magnified for clarity, where the zinc black dots and sulfur black dots are clearly visible. The polyisoprene particle in the region P1 has an approximate dimension of 4 microns.

FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of the fracture surface of a condom that was ruptured by blowing high pressure nitrogen to form a balloon that eventually burst. This test was done at room temperature. The sample was coated with a thin film of iridium to prevent charging of the insulating latex rubber condom by electron beam. The fracture surface as shown in this figure shows a fracture surface that was very nearly planar with no features indicating intra particle or inter particle regions. This absence of intra-polyisoprene particle and inter-polyisooprene particle features means that the fracture surface propagated with no preference for either the intra particle region or the inter particle regions indicating that both inter and intra particle regions were approximately equal strength or were crosslinked nearly equally. The latex condom fractured at room temperature as an elastic solid showing planar fracture surface, not a conchoidal or shell-like fracture surface. There were no grains visible in this fracture surface, indicating that the fracture strength at the intra grain region and inter grain region was very nearly the same and the therefore the fracture surface was nearly isotropic everywhere. A dimensional marker shows a line, which is calibrated to be 20 microns in length.

FIG. 6 is an x-ray map of chemical elements present in the sample shown in FIG. 5. It shows one or more x-ray peaks for Zn, S and Ir in addition to carbon.

FIG. 7A is a set of three photographic images. A first image provides a scanning electron micrograph of the fracture at a selected location near the circular feature near the central location of FIG. 5. An image of a zinc x-ray map in the same area and an image of a sulfur x-ray map are also shown. It is recognized that generally, upon creation, x-ray maps of zinc and sulfur are usually a black background photograph with zinc or sulfur x-ray beams emitted from the sample providing a series of white dots. The zinc map and sulfur map of FIG. 7A, however, were inverted in contrast for clarity. A selected region marked P2 is shown in all three images. As seen in the zinc x-ray map, the region P2 encompasses a series of zinc black dots that define a region, with no zinc black dots within the region. The corresponding sulfur x-ray map shows plurality of sulfur black dots. From this image, it is concluded that this was a single grain of polyisoprene particle in the polyisorene latex emulsion. It is also concluded that during the pre-vulcanization stage, the sulfur molecule was catalyzed by the ZDBC allowing sulfur to enter the polyisoprene particle, as seen in the sulfur x-ray map. The zinc, on the other hand, was left behind due to the large molecular size of ZDBC decorating the exterior of the polyisoprene particle as seen in the zinc x-ray map. FIG. 7B shows the x-ray maps of zinc and sulfur in the region P2 that have been magnified for clarity, where the zinc black dots and sulfur black dots are clearly visible. The polyisoprene particle in the region P2 has an approximate dimension of 4 microns.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is predicated on the discovery that soluble sulfur, such as S₈ rings of sulfur, is catalyzed by a zinc complex of dithiocarbamate in combination with potassium caprylate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant creating pre-vulcanized, synthetic polyisoprene particles in a latex composition. This latex composition enables the production of latex film articles by dipping coagulant coated or coagulant free formers into the composition. A surfactant package inhibits synthetic polyisoprene particle agglomeration and flocculation. The latex dipped film has synthetic polyisoprene particles that become crosslinked and regions between the particles are crosslinked during the vulcanization cure forming both intra-crosslinked and inter-crosslinked bonds. The articles that result comprise a high quality and uniform latex film.

The latex-stabilizing composition is one that keeps the particles of synthetic polyisoprene separated from each other in the aqueous medium. Since the polyisoprene particles do not touch each other, they are unable to agglomerate and flock. This is important because, once the particles begin to agglomerate, the particles may never be separated due to van der Waals forces. Preferably, the latex-stabilizing composition comprises a surfactant package comprising at least one surfactant. An anionic surfactant is preferred, especially one that can be stably maintained for a period of well over one month and up to two months or more. An example of such a surfactant is sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). Other examples include, but are not limited to, other alkyl aryl sulphonates, alkyl sulphonates, olefin sulphonates (e.g., C14 olefin sulphonate, which is sold under the trade name Calsoft AOS-40 (Pilot Chem. Co., Red Bank, N.J.), and alcohol sulphates (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). SDBS or another alkyl aryl sulphonate is preferably present in an amount of about 0.1-0.35 wt %, based on the dry weight of the polyisoprene. SDBS or another alkyl aryl sulphonate can be combined with one or more other surfactants, such as potassium caprylate, polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether, and the like. For example, SDBS or another alkyl aryl sulphonate can be combined with potassium caprylate, alone or in further combination with polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether. When SDBS or another alkyl aryl sulphonate is used in combination with one or more other surfactants, preferably each surfactant is present in an amount of about 0.05-1.2 wt %, based on the dry weight of the polyisoprene, and the total amount of the surfactant package is about 0.4-1.2 wt %, based on the dry weight of the polyisoprene. When SDBS or another alkyl aryl sulphonate is used in combination with potassium caprylate and polyoxyethylene cetyl-stearyl ether, preferably the polyoxyethylene cetyl-stearyl ether is present in an amount of about 0.1-0.5 wt %, based on the dry weight of the polyisoprene.

In view of the above, the present invention provides a surfactant-stabilized, pre-vulcanized, synthetic polyisoprene latex composition having a isopropanol index rating of 3.0. The isopropanol index test measures the extent of pre-vulcanization of synthetic latex particles in an aqueous latex emulsion by combining equal volumes of latex and isopropanol at room temperature and allowing the mixture to stand for 3 min. The isopropanol coagulates the latex, and the resulting consistency is numerically rated. The consistency of the coagulum indicates the degree of pre-vulcanization of the latex. As the latex becomes more pre-vulcanized, the coagulum loses more of its tackiness and becomes more crumbly. A rating of 2.5 indicates that small lumps form, whereas a rating of 3.0 indicates that the lumps are non-tacky, a rating of 3.5 indicates that, not only are the lumps non-tacky, the lumps disintegrate easily, and a rating of 4.0 indicates that dry crumbs form, evidencing a high degree of pre-vulcanization of the synthetic latex particles. The pre-vulcanization is monitored to assure that the synthetic latex emulsion is ready for dipping of polyisoprene condoms.

The pre-vulcanization composition includes potassium caprylate and SDBS or another alkyl aryl sulphonate surfactants with zinc dithiocarbamate and soluble sulfur. The latex emulsion with surfactants wets the synthetic polyisoprene particles, catalytic action of zinc dithiocarbamate breaks the ring of soluble S₈ molecule forming linear chain of soluble sulfur pre-vulcanizing particles of synthetic polyisoprene. The post-vulcanization composition has sulfur and other accelerators that cause inter-particle cross-linking during vulcanization cure. Such cross-linking results in a more homogeneous latex film having greater strength and elongation properties and crosslink density.

Preferably, the pre-vulcanizing composition comprises (i) a cross-linking package comprising zinc diethyldithiacarbamate or zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate accelerator and soluble sulfur (ii) a wetting agent. During pre-vulcanization, sulfur with its ring structure broken by the catalytic action of zinc dithiocarbamate accelerator penetrates the polyisoprene particles and initially interacts with the isoprene double bonds therein. The catalytic reactivity of zinc dithiocarbamate is detailed in the publication entitled “The Mechanism of Zinc(II)-Dithiocarbamate-Accelerated Vulcanization Uncovered; Theoretical and Experimental Evidence” by Nieuwenhuizen, et al. is published in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121 (1), 163-168, 1999. A second publication entitled “Zinc accelerator complexes. Versatile homogeneous catalysts in sulfur vulcanization” by Nieuwenhuizen published in Applied Catalysis A: General 207 (2001) 55-68. These two publications discuss the mechanism of catalytic action of zinc dithiocarbamates specifically zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate with sulfur. The book published by Gary R. Hamed, professor at University of Akron, the chapter 2 of which is available at web address files.hanser.de/hanser/docs/20040401_(—)244515439-6683_(—)3-446-21403-8.pdf clearly indicates in Chapter 2.3.1.1. that for sulfur to be soluble it must have S₈ rings. The same chapter indicates that with ZDBC, you need only small amount of sulfur since ZDBC is an ultrafast accelerator. The web article at http://www.chemistrymag.org/cji/2007/097032pe.htm entitled ‘Effect of adding pyridine ligand on the structure and properties of complex Zn(S₂CNBz₂)₂’ by Zhong et al. indicates that zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate and zinc dipyridinedithiocarbamate also have similar functionality of catalytic activity with sulfur.

It is recognized that, unlike the S₈ rings of soluble sulfur, amorphous or polymeric sulfur are not soluble. However amorphous or polymeric sulfur becomes soluble at 120° C., which is at or near the latex cure temperature, thus insoluble or polymeric sulfur remain outside synthetic polyisoprene particles in the latex emulsion and facilitates crosslinking of inter particle regions. According to embodiments of the present invention, diffusion of sulfur into synthetic polyisoprene particle requires sulfur to be soluble. The wetting agents used in accordance with the present invention facilitate wetting of the polyisoprene particles and brings soluble sulfur with ring structure broken by zinc dithiocarbamate catalytic action into contact with the surface of the polyisoprene particles and permeation of sulfur occurs during processing time provided. The pre-vulcanized structure of the aqueous latex emulsion is stable for several days, e.g., up to 5 days.

Sulfur is preferably present in the synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion in an amount of about 0.8-1.8 wt %, based on the dry weight of polyisoprene. If zinc oxide is used, preferably it is present in an amount of about 0-0.5 wt %, based on the dry weight of polyisoprene.

Examples of suitable wetting agents include, but are not limited to, salts (e.g., sodium salt or potassium salt) of fatty acids, which are anionic, e.g., sodium stearate, sodium oleate, and potassium caprylate. Potassium caprylate is advantageously used with a salt of a short-chain fatty acid, SDBS and polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether.

The penetration of the components of the pre-vulcanizing composition into the polyisoprene particles is a strong function of the polyisoprene particle size and size distribution. Typically, smaller particles have a larger surface area, and the components of the pre-vulcanizing composition penetrate these small particles more rapidly. However, these larger surface areas result in more inter-particle regions, which are cross-linked by the cross-linking agent during post-vulcanization. In contrast, larger particles have a smaller surface area, and the components of the pre-vulcanizing composition penetrate these large particles more slowly. The smaller surface areas result in less inter-particle regions. Aggregates of smaller particles appear like a large particle, which behaves differently than a large particle. Therefore, there is a delicate balance in selecting the size and size range distribution of the polyisoprene particles to produce optimal strength properties that balance pre-vulcanization intra-particle cross-linking with post-vulcanization inter-particle cross-linking. As indicated above, particles in the range of about 0.2-2 micrometers provide optimal results. The penetration of the components of the pre-vulcanizing composition into the polyisoprene particles is also a function of the diffusion process, itself, which is a linear function of time and an exponential function of temperature, reflecting a thermally activated process. Therefore, increasing the temperature by a few degrees during the pre-vulcanization step increases significantly the pre-vulcanization rate. For example, pre-vulcanization at room temperature requires from about 3-5 days or as much as about 9 days, while pre-vulcanization at an elevated temperature, e.g., about 50-70° C., requires only about 3-7 hours.

Preferably, the post-vulcanization composition comprises sodium dibutyl dithiocarbamate (SDBC), sulfur, a thiuram compound, and/or a xanthogen compound, alone or in further combination with a surfactant. Examples of suitable xanthogens include, but are not limited to, diisopropyl xanthogen polysulphide (DXP), diisopropyl xanthogen, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, and xanthogen sulfide. DXP is a preferred xanthogen. An example of a thiuram compound is tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide. The post-vulcanization composition is one that causes inter-particle cross-linking upon activation at the elevated temperature (e.g., 120-150° C.). In addition, this post-vulcanization cure also crosslinks the synthetic polyisoprene particles with permeated sulfur. Such crosslinking results in a more homogeneous latex film having greater strength and elongation properties.

The method comprises adding a latex-stabilizing composition, such as one comprising a surfactant package comprising at least one surfactant, such as at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of an alkyl aryl sulphonate (e.g., SDBS), an alkyl sulphonate (e.g., olefin sulphonate) and an alcohol sulphate (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). SDBS can be combined with potassium caprylate, alone or with polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether. A preferred surfactant package comprises SDBS, potassium caprylate, and polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether. Upon addition of the latex-stabilizing composition, the emulsion is stirred, to keep the polyisoprene particles from touching each other.

Then, the method comprises the steps of adding a pre-vulcanization composition to formulate a synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion (a) a zinc dithiocarbamate selected from zinc diethyldithiocarbamate and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate and combinations thereof; (b) sulfur, preferably with high S₈ content and (b) a wetting agent. The wetting agent is preferably a salt of a fatty acid, such as sodium stearate, sodium oleate, or potassium caprylate. The aqueous latex emulsion is stirred and periodically examined for permeation of pre-vulcanization agents into the synthetic polyisoprene particles by using the isopropanol index test. The reason why this sequence is adopted is because the polyisoprene latex has an inherent tendency to flock and ‘case harden’ due to peripheral reaction with sulfur catalyzed by ZDBC or ZDEC. This has to be prevented so that tightly bonded particles do not result. The presence of surfactants and creation of opened out S₈ chains of sulfur enables the diffusion of sulfur into the particles.

The method further comprises the steps of adding post-vulcanization composition to the synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion with accelerators selected from the group consisting of SDBC, reactive zinc oxide, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate, thiuram such as tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide and xanthogen. If reactive zinc oxide is present, preferably it is present in an amount of about 0 to 0.5 wt %, based on the dry weight of polyisoprene. The thiuram can be tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide. The xanthogen can be DXP, diisopropyl xanthogen, or xanthogen sulfide. The composition thus produced is stable for up to about 5 days at 20° C. to 25° C. and can be used in a production line.

Table 1 below shows an example of a composition that exhibits pre-vulcanization behavior.

TABLE 1 Quantity per hundred dry Formulation rubber (phr) IR-KP 401 Kraton Latex 100 alkyl aryl sulphonate 0.1-0.3 potassium caprylate/potassium  0.1-0.46 oleate polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl 0.1-0.5 ether sulfur 0.8-1.8 reactive zinc oxide 0.05-0.5  ZDEC/ZDBC 0.4-1.0 SDBC/SDEC 0.05-0.5  DXP/diisopropyl xanthogen/ 0.2-0.6 xanthogen sulfide Wingstay L 0.5-1.0

A typical mixing sequence of the aqueous synthetic latex emulsion is illustrated in Table 2. The table lists the steps and the time period involved.

TABLE 2 Phase I: Addition of chemicals for pre- 5 to 9 days vulcantion including sulfur, ZDEC/ ZDBC, surfactant package with potassium caprylate and polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether Phase II: addition of post vulcanization Prior to dip accelerators including DXP, SDBC, SDEC, tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide and surfactants

Thus, the present invention further provides a method of forming a synthetic polyisoprene latex article. The method comprises dipping a coagulant-free or coagulant coated former in the above-described pre-vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene aqueous latex emulsion composition at least once to form a thin layer of latex film with individual particles of pre-vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene on the surface of the former. The former can be any suitable former as is known in the art. The present inventive composition is particularly useful for layering onto formers for condoms and gloves.

The method then comprises allowing the thin layer of latex film formed on the surface of the former to dry after each dip. The spaces between the particles decrease as the layer dries. After the last layer of latex film is dry in the case of multiple dips of the former into the synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion, the method further comprises post-vulcanizing the thin latex film on the former. The film can be post-vulcanized by heating the film, e.g., to about 120 to 150° C. for about 8 to 15 min. During this period, the inter-particle regions are cross-linked. The intra-particle regions also undergo further crosslinking, producing a more homogeneous latex product. Then, the method comprises stripping the latex film from the former.

In the absence of pre-vulcanization of the synthetic polyisoprene particles, crosslinking predominantly occurs in the periphery of the synthetic polyisoprene particles, resulting in weak particles. Attempts to crosslink the inter particle region within the particles only during post-vulcanization results in over crosslinking of the intra-particle regions, which, in turn, results in a latex product with poor stretch properties.

Table 3 lists a typical dipping sequence of a condom. A similar sequence can be created for a synthetic polyisoprene surgical glove.

TABLE 3 First dip (thickness of the film is controlled by total solids content of the latex in the dip tank, the latex viscosity and the speed of the formers). Drying of the latex film (60-80° C.; 1-3 min). Second dip (thickness of the film is controlled by total solids content of the latex in the dip tank and the speed of the formers). Drying of the latex film (60-80° C.; 1-3 min). Beading/ring formation on the open end of the condom Drying of the ring and latex film (70-100° C., 1-3 min) Curing (110-130° C.; 11-15 min) Leaching (70-80° C., 1-2 min) Stripping of the condoms from the glass formers

The sequence of dipping for the condoms using the surfactant-stabilized, pre-vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene latex composition is typically within the 5-day period, the average lifetime of synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion tank. A condom former is dipped in the composition in a first dip, and the thickness of the latex film is controlled by the total solids content of the composition in the dip tank and the speed of movement of the formers. The latex film is dried at about 60-80° C. for about 1-3 min. The latex film on the former is dipped again into the composition to apply a second dip coating. The latex film after the second dip is dried at about 60-80° C. for about 1-3 min. The free end of the condom is rolled to create a bead ring and is dried at about 70-100° C. for about 1-3 min. The latex film is post-vulcanized at about 110-130° C. for about 11-15 min. The latex film is leached in water at about 70-80° C. for about 1-2 min to remove residual surfactants and cross-linking agents from the latex film. The latex film is then stripped from the formers. The latex articles produced display higher strength and improved stretch, even when a low stereo-regularity synthetic polyisoprene is used. The synthetic polyisoprene articles are free from irritation-causing proteins and solves the long outstanding problem of latex sensitivity.

Mechanical properties of a synthetic polyisoprene latex film produced according to the subject invention were compared that disclosed in prior art. For example, the synthetic polyisoprene disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,387 (Wang) had a tensile strength of over 3000 psi (20.68 MPa), elongation of greater than about 750% at break, and a tensile modulus of less than about 300 psi (2.07 MPa) at 300% elongation as measured in accordance with ASTM D412.

Tensile Properties of synthetic polyisoprene production condom measured according to ISO 4074:2002 test method is shown in the Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Batch No. Aged/ Tensile Elongation at Modulus at Condom Type Unaged Strength MPa Break % 500% MPa 0606030106/Syn. unaged 35.78 1030 1.57 Polyisoprene 0606040116/Syn. unaged 34.64 1022 1.38 Polyisoprene 0606050116/Syn. unaged 30.66 1017 1.38 Polyisoprene 0606030106/Syn. 7 days 35.91 1033 1.39 Polyisoprene 70° C. 0606040116/ 7 days 34.43 1021 1.39 Syn. Polyisoprene 70° C. 0606050116/Syn. 7 days 35.72 1050 1.44 Polyisoprene 70° C. Natural Rubber unaged 29 800 2 Natural Rubber 7 days 30 800 2.1 70° C.

Tear is a very important property of a condom material. Tear strength of synthetic polyisoprene condom was measured and compared with that of natural rubber condom according to ASTM D624: 2000 method and is shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Median Average Tear Median Tear Sample Strength Tear Strength Average Batch No. Description N/mm Force N N/mm Tear Force N 612141816 Natural 54.26 3.62 53.29 3.57 Rubber Unaged 612141816 Natural 46.67 3.36 46.15 3.29 Rubber Aged 7 days 70° C. 606040116 Synthetic 34.83 2.54 34.6 2.52 polyisoprene Unaged 606040116 Synthetic 34.13 2.33 34.65 2.37 polyisoprene Aged 7 days 70° C.

The burst pressure and burst volume of a condom is a critical measure of its performance. Tables 6A and 6B show burst volume and burst pressure data.

TABLE 6A Burst Unage (200 pieces tested) Condom Condom NCV Either Type Batch MV (L) SD-V (pcs) MP (kPa) SD-P NCP (pcs) (pcs) Synthetic 080201PI16 53.20 3.79 0 1.70 0.13 0 0 PI Synthetic 080202PI16 54.09 4.29 0 1.72 0.15 2 2 PI Synthetic 080203PI16 50.77 3.75 0 1.81 0.15 1 1 PI Natural 0704150316 36.67 2.36 0 2.18 0.11 0 0 Rubber Natural 0704590316 34.40 2.39 0 2.13 0.14 0 0 Rubber

TABLE 6B Burst Aged 7 days 70° C. (200 pieces tested) Condom Condom NCV Either Type Batch MV (L) SD-V (pcs) MP (kPa) SD-P NCP (pcs) (pcs) Synthetic 080201PI16 46.73 3.41 0 1.57 0.12 1 1 PI Synthetic 080202PI16 49.25 3.42 0 1.54 0.12 0 0 PI Synthetic 080203PI16 47.24 4.35 0 1.51 0.14 4 4 PI Natural 0704150316 36.43 2.05 0 2.05 0.12 0 0 Rubber Natural 0704590316 29.30 2.88 2 2.06 0.21 0 2 Rubber Where MV, P = Mean Volume, Pressure respectively, SD-V, P = Standard Deviation Volume, Pressure respectively, NCV, P = Nonconformance Volume, Pressure respectively

The method of measuring molecular weight distribution and calculating crosslink density requires cutting of disks from condom samples and swelling the disk samples in toluene until equilibrium. The disks were initially weighed and after swelling they are weighed again. The equilibrium volume fraction of the swelled rubber was calculated using equation shown below. In this equation Pr is the density of rubber (0.92 g/cm³), P_(s) is the density of toluene (0.862 g/cm³), W_(r) is the weight of rubber before swelling and W_(s) is the weight of swelled rubber.

$\frac{\frac{W_{r}}{P_{r}}}{\frac{W_{r}}{P_{r}} + \frac{W_{s} - W_{r}}{P_{s}}}$

The volume fraction was used in the Florey-Rehner equation shown below to calculate the crosslink density. In this equation n is the crosslink density, V_(s) is the molar volume of toluene the swelling solvent which is 106.3 cm3/mol, V_(r) is the volume fraction of the rubber phase in the swollen gel, and χ is the toluene-cis polyisoprene interaction parameter, which is 0.39.

$n = {\frac{1}{V_{s}}\frac{\left\lbrack {{\ln \left( {1 - V_{r}} \right)} + V_{r} + {\chi \; V_{r}^{2}}} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {V_{r}^{\frac{1}{3}} - {0.5V_{r}}} \right\rbrack}}$

The molecular weight between crosslinks was calculated by the following equation.

$M_{c} = \frac{P_{r}}{n}$

Table 7 shown below reports measured molecular weight between crosslinks and corresponding crosslink density for several of synthetic polyisoprene condoms manufactured according the embodiments of the subject invention. Also shown are the values for a synthetic polyisoprene condom marketed by Durex, presumably manufactured according to UK GB 2,436,566 LRC patent application. Also shown are the values for natural rubber condoms. Higher the molecular weight between crosslinks, lower is the crosslink density.

The data presented indicates that the process of the present invention results in synthetic polyisoprene condoms that have very consistent molecular weight between crosslinks. Since Durex polyisoprene condoms have a higher value of molecular weight between crosslinks, the crosslink density is lower than that produced by the present process. The molecular weight between crosslinks for the condoms according to the present invention is comparable to that of natural rubber and has adequate mechanical properties.

TABLE 7 Molecular weight Crosslink between crosslinks Density n Condom (g/mol) mol/cm³ Synthetic Polyisoprene Condom Set #1* 6535 0.000141 Synthetic Polyisoprene Condom Set #2* 6537 0.000141 Synthetic Polyisoprene Condom Set #3* 6754 0.000136 Durex Synthetic Polyisoprene condom 8955 0.000103 Natural Rubber regular condom 5788 0.0000159 *Condoms manufactured according to the subject invention.

FIG. 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a pre-vulcanized and post-vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene condom latex taken from the middle portion of the condom thickness. The sample was prepared using the following procedure. Sample regions of the condom sample were taken and extracted in cold acetone overnight to remove any low molecular weight materials that may subsequently interfere with the styrene polymerization process. The samples were then dried for approximately 48 hrs at below 40° C. to remove any solvent traces. The extracted films were then swollen overnight in styrene solution containing 1 wt % benzoyl peroxide initiator and 2 wt % dibutylphthalate plasticizer to aid sectioning. The swollen films were then placed in capsules with excess styrene solution and heated at 70° C. until the styrene had fully polymerized. The styrene-swollen, polymerized samples were sectioned by ultramicrotomy at room temperature. By leaving some polystyrene attached to the surfaces of each condom, it was possible to prepare ultra-thin sections that contained the entire width of each condom. The sections were carefully relaxed by exposure to low levels of xylene vapor and transferred to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) grids. The sections were then stained in osmium tetroxide vapor for one hour and examined by TEM. Osmium tetroxide reacts with carbon-carbon double bonds and, therefore, it imparts a dark stain to polymers containing unsaturated groups, while leaving the polystyrene unstained. The figure shows at 10 the original synthetic polyisoprene particles showing uniform distribution of cross-link networks. The intersection of these particles is shown at 11, and it shows a similar distribution of cross-link networks indicated by uniformity of dark stains, indicating that the synthetic polyisoprene latex film is cross-linked at the synthetic polyisoprene particle level and at intersections. The polystyrene remnants are seen at 13. The overall particle size is approximately 0.8 microns. This homogeneously cured, synthetic polyisoprene results in improved tensile strength at break, superior elongation, and tear properties.

In view of the above, the present invention provides an article made from the above-described surfactant-stabilized, pre-vulcanized, synthetic polyisoprene latex emulsion composition. The article is free from defects and has a stretch to failure of at least about 600%. Table 5 shows an elongation of over 1000% at failure. The article has intra-particle and inter-particle crosslinking and under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) a uniform distribution of dark stains with a deviation of less than about 5% from one location to other within the TEM micrograph. The synthetic polyisoprene article is preferably a condom or a glove.

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to illuminate better the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention, unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 

1. A synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article comprising: synthetic polyisoprene particles that are pre-vulcanized and cured; said synthetic polyisoprene particles bonded to each other through intra-polyisoprene particle crosslinks and inter-polyisoprene particle crosslinks; wherein the intra-polyisoprene particle crosslinks and the inter-polyisoprene particle crosslinks are substantially uniform in said synthetic polyisoprene latex article.
 2. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein said latex article is a condom or a glove.
 3. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein said latex article exhibits a substantially conchoidal fracture when fractured at liquid nitrogen temperature.
 4. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein scanning electron microscopic observation of a fracture surface obtained by rupture of the article at room temperature shows absence of intra-polyisoprene particle and inter-polyisoprene particle features.
 5. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein scanning electron microscopic zinc and sulfur x-ray maps observation of a fracture surface obtained by fracture of the article at liquid nitrogen temperature, rupture at room temperature, or both shows presence of sulfur within a polyisoprene particle that is decorated by zinc.
 6. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein the molecular weight is less than about 6800 g/mol between the crosslinks.
 7. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein microprobe elemental analysis by electron microscopy shows an accumulation of zinc surrounding said synthetic polyisoprene particles.
 8. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein TEM of an osmium tetroxide treated article shows uniformity of isoprene double bonds.
 9. The synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article of claim 1, wherein said substantial uniformity of intra-polyisoprene particle crosslinks and inter-polyisoprene particle crosslinks is verified by scanning electron microcopy of a fracture surface that passes through both inter-particle regions and intra-particle regions nonpreferentially.
 10. A synthetic polyisoprene condom comprising: synthetic polyisoprene particles that are pre-vulcanized in the presence of soluble sulfur, a zinc complex of dithiocarbamate, potassium caprylate, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) and cured; said synthetic polyisoprene particles bonded to each other through intra-polyisoprene particle crosslinks and inter-polyisoprene particle crosslinks; wherein the intra-polyisoprene particle crosslinks and the inter-polyisoprene particle crosslinks are substantially uniform.
 11. The condom of claim 10 having a tensile strength of at least 30 MPa.
 12. The condom of claim 10 having an elongation at break of at least 945%.
 13. A method for manufacturing a synthetic polyisoprene elastomeric article comprising the steps of: adding to an aqueous latex of synthetic polyisoprene particles a pre-vulcanization composition comprising soluble sulfur, a zinc dithiocarbamate and a surfactant; pre-vulcanizing the synthetic polyisoprene particles in said latex; adding to said latex a post-vulcanization composition; dipping a coagulant-free or coagulant-coated former in the shape of a glove or a condom into said latex one or more times to form a latex film; curing said latex film during post-vulcanization to produce inter-particle crosslinks within the synthetic polyisoprene particles and produce intra-particle crosslinks between said particles; wherein the intra-polyisoprene particle crosslinks and the inter-polyisoprene particle crosslinks are substantially uniform.
 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein said article is a condom and said former is coagulant-free.
 15. The method according to claim 13 wherein said article is a glove and said former is coagulant-coated.
 16. The method according to claim 13 wherein said soluble sulfur comprises S₈ sulfur rings.
 17. The method according to claim 13 wherein the zinc dithiocarbamate comprises zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC), zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC), or combinations thereof.
 18. The method according to claim 13 wherein said surfactant comprises potassium caprylate, polyoxyethylene cetyl/stearyl ether, an alkyl aryl sulphonate, an alkyl sulphonate, an olefin sulphonate, an alcohol sulphate, or combinations thereof.
 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein said surfactant comprises sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS), C14 olefin sulphonate, sodium lauryl sulphate, or combinations thereof.
 20. The method according to claim 13 wherein said post-vulcanization composition comprises an accelerator selected from the group consisting of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (SDEC), sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate (SDBC), thiuram, xanthogen, reactive zinc oxide and combinations thereof.
 21. The method according to claim 20 wherein said accelerator comprises a thiuram that is tetraethylthiuram disulfide.
 22. The method according to claim 20 wherein said accelerator comprises a xanthogen that is diisopropyl xanthogen polysulphide (DXP).
 23. The method for according to claim 20 wherein said accelerator comprises a xanthogen that is xanthogen sulfide.
 24. The method according to claim 20 wherein said accelerator comprises a xanthogen that is diisopropyl xanthogen.
 25. The method according to claim 13 wherein the pre-vulcanizing step is carried out at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C. for a period of 9 hours to 2 days.
 26. The method according to claim 13 wherein a degree of pre-vulcanization of the synthetic latex particles is verified by an isopropanol index test.
 27. The method according to claim 13 wherein said curing during post-vulcanization step is carried out at a temperature in the range of 120° C. to 150° C. for 8 to 15 minutes. 